Ch.2+notes

 ** Understanding Students’ Basic Psychological Needs ** __ Outline __  __ Learning Objectives __  Students will:  __ Why Do Students Misbehave? __  Teachers’ believe:  // Theoretical Perspectives: Personal Needs Theory //  // Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs //  // Dreikurs’ four goals of misbehavior // <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 12pt; layout-grid-mode: line; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;"> <span style="mso-bookmark: OLE_LINK16; msobookmark: OLE_LINK15;">// Topper’s goals of misbehavior // <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bookmark: OLE_LINK16; msobookmark: OLE_LINK15;"> <span style="mso-bookmark: OLE_LINK16; msobookmark: OLE_LINK15;">// Glasser // <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bookmark: OLE_LINK16; msobookmark: OLE_LINK15;">Five basic needs
 * 1) <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bookmark: OLE_LINK16; msobookmark: OLE_LINK15;">list students’ psychological needs that influence behavior and success at school.
 * 2) <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bookmark: OLE_LINK16; msobookmark: OLE_LINK15;">identify students who may be at higher risk for having an unsuccessful school experience
 * 3) <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bookmark: OLE_LINK16; msobookmark: OLE_LINK15;">evaluate the issues of power and caring are so important in a school setting
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bookmark: OLE_LINK16; msobookmark: OLE_LINK15;">Poor home environment?
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bookmark: OLE_LINK16; msobookmark: OLE_LINK15;">Poor attitude?
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bookmark: OLE_LINK16; msobookmark: OLE_LINK15;">Lack of parental support?
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bookmark: OLE_LINK16; msobookmark: OLE_LINK15;">Lower than average I.Q.?
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bookmark: OLE_LINK16; msobookmark: OLE_LINK15;">Medical or emotional problems?
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bookmark: OLE_LINK16; msobookmark: OLE_LINK15;">These beliefs absolve the teacher of responsibility
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bookmark: OLE_LINK16; msobookmark: OLE_LINK15;">Maslow
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bookmark: OLE_LINK16; msobookmark: OLE_LINK15;">Dreikurs
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bookmark: OLE_LINK16; msobookmark: OLE_LINK15;">Glasser
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bookmark: OLE_LINK16; msobookmark: OLE_LINK15;">Coopersmith
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bookmark: OLE_LINK16; msobookmark: OLE_LINK15;">Knowledge and understanding
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bookmark: OLE_LINK16; msobookmark: OLE_LINK15;">Self-actualization
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bookmark: OLE_LINK16; msobookmark: OLE_LINK15;">Self-respect
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bookmark: OLE_LINK16; msobookmark: OLE_LINK15;">Belongingness and affection
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bookmark: OLE_LINK16; msobookmark: OLE_LINK15;">Safety and security
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bookmark: OLE_LINK16; msobookmark: OLE_LINK15;">Physiological needs
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bookmark: OLE_LINK16; msobookmark: OLE_LINK15;">Attention
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bookmark: OLE_LINK16; msobookmark: OLE_LINK15;">Fear of Failure or inadequacy
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bookmark: OLE_LINK16; msobookmark: OLE_LINK15;">Power
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bookmark: OLE_LINK16; msobookmark: OLE_LINK15;">Revenge
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bookmark: OLE_LINK16; msobookmark: OLE_LINK15;">Attention
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bookmark: OLE_LINK16; msobookmark: OLE_LINK15;">Avoidance/Escape
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bookmark: OLE_LINK16; msobookmark: OLE_LINK15;">Control
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bookmark: OLE_LINK16; msobookmark: OLE_LINK15;">Revenge
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bookmark: OLE_LINK16; msobookmark: OLE_LINK15;">Self-regulation/Coping
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bookmark: OLE_LINK16; msobookmark: OLE_LINK15;">Play

<span style="mso-bookmark: OLE_LINK16; msobookmark: OLE_LINK15;"> · To be free, and
<span style="mso-bookmark: OLE_LINK16; msobookmark: OLE_LINK15;"> <span style="mso-bookmark: OLE_LINK16; msobookmark: OLE_LINK15;">// Coopersmith // <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bookmark: OLE_LINK16; msobookmark: OLE_LINK15;">In order to possess high self-esteem students need to experience
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bookmark: OLE_LINK16; msobookmark: OLE_LINK15;">To have fun

<span style="mso-bookmark: OLE_LINK16; msobookmark: OLE_LINK15;"> · Power-ability to control one’s environment
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bookmark: OLE_LINK16; msobookmark: OLE_LINK15;"> <span style="mso-bookmark: OLE_LINK16; msobookmark: OLE_LINK15;">__ What Students’ Need __ <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bookmark: OLE_LINK16; msobookmark: OLE_LINK15;"> <span style="mso-bookmark: OLE_LINK16; msobookmark: OLE_LINK15;">// What students say they want // <span style="mso-bookmark: OLE_LINK16; msobookmark: OLE_LINK15;"> · Friends who care for you and you for them <span style="mso-bookmark: OLE_LINK16; msobookmark: OLE_LINK15;"> · Fun and challenging things to do  <span style="mso-bookmark: OLE_LINK16; msobookmark: OLE_LINK15;"> ·  Having choices and learning how to make choices <span style="mso-bookmark: OLE_LINK16; msobookmark: OLE_LINK15;"> · A chance to master skills needed to pursue a dream, for self-advocacy, and cultural interdependence <span style="mso-bookmark: OLE_LINK16; msobookmark: OLE_LINK15;"> · Physical well-being <span style="mso-bookmark: OLE_LINK16; msobookmark: OLE_LINK15;"> · Status and a “cool” reputation <span style="mso-bookmark: OLE_LINK16; msobookmark: OLE_LINK15;"> · Unconditional love, someone who will always be your advocate <span style="mso-bookmark: OLE_LINK16; msobookmark: OLE_LINK15;"> · Chance to make a difference in someone’s life <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 12pt; layout-grid-mode: line; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;"> <span style="mso-bookmark: OLE_LINK16; msobookmark: OLE_LINK15;">// Students Who Bully // <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bookmark: OLE_LINK16; msobookmark: OLE_LINK15;">There are two types of bullies <span style="mso-bookmark: OLE_LINK16; msobookmark: OLE_LINK15;"> · reactive bullies: <span style="mso-bookmark: OLE_LINK16; msobookmark: OLE_LINK15;"> o strong responses to what they perceive as threatening situations <span style="mso-bookmark: OLE_LINK16; msobookmark: OLE_LINK15;"> o lack positive relationships with adults <span style="mso-bookmark: OLE_LINK16; msobookmark: OLE_LINK15;"> o often are remorseful after <span style="mso-bookmark: OLE_LINK16; msobookmark: OLE_LINK15;"> · proactive bullies: <span style="mso-bookmark: OLE_LINK16; msobookmark: OLE_LINK15;"> o behavior is more calculating <span style="mso-bookmark: OLE_LINK16; msobookmark: OLE_LINK15;"> o viewed as a component of their identity <span style="mso-bookmark: OLE_LINK16; msobookmark: OLE_LINK15;"> o pick on students they view as physically or socially weaker <span style="mso-bookmark: OLE_LINK16; msobookmark: OLE_LINK15;"> o experience little remorse <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bookmark: OLE_LINK16; msobookmark: OLE_LINK15;"> <span style="mso-bookmark: OLE_LINK16; msobookmark: OLE_LINK15;">// The Issue of Self-Esteem // <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bookmark: OLE_LINK16; msobookmark: OLE_LINK15;">Seligman found <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bookmark: OLE_LINK16; msobookmark: OLE_LINK15;"> Self-Esteem involves both the components of <span style="mso-bookmark: OLE_LINK16; msobookmark: OLE_LINK15;"> ·  feeling good about oneself <span style="mso-bookmark: OLE_LINK16; msobookmark: OLE_LINK15;"> · performing well <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bookmark: OLE_LINK16; msobookmark: OLE_LINK15;"> <span style="mso-bookmark: OLE_LINK16; msobookmark: OLE_LINK15;">// Erik Erikson // <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bookmark: OLE_LINK16; msobookmark: OLE_LINK15;">8 stages of psychosocial development-five of which occur during school age years <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bookmark: OLE_LINK16; msobookmark: OLE_LINK15;"> <span style="mso-bookmark: OLE_LINK16; msobookmark: OLE_LINK15;">// Influence of the students’ age on teacher belief and actions // <span style="mso-bookmark: OLE_LINK16; msobookmark: OLE_LINK15;"> <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bookmark: OLE_LINK16; msobookmark: OLE_LINK15;"> <span style="mso-bookmark: OLE_LINK16; msobookmark: OLE_LINK15;">// Social Factors Theory // <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bookmark: OLE_LINK16; msobookmark: OLE_LINK15;"> <span style="mso-bookmark: OLE_LINK16; msobookmark: OLE_LINK15;">// Elkind // <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bookmark: OLE_LINK16; msobookmark: OLE_LINK15;">Three basic contracts between adults and children <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 12pt; layout-grid-mode: line; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;"> <span style="mso-bookmark: OLE_LINK16; msobookmark: OLE_LINK15;">**// Lipsitz //** <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bookmark: OLE_LINK16; msobookmark: OLE_LINK15;">Adolescent needs include: <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bookmark: OLE_LINK16; msobookmark: OLE_LINK15;"> <span style="mso-bookmark: OLE_LINK16; msobookmark: OLE_LINK15;">// Developmental Assets // <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bookmark: OLE_LINK16; msobookmark: OLE_LINK15;"> <span style="mso-bookmark: OLE_LINK16; msobookmark: OLE_LINK15;">// External assets // <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bookmark: OLE_LINK16; msobookmark: OLE_LINK15;"> <span style="mso-bookmark: OLE_LINK16; msobookmark: OLE_LINK15;">// Internal assets // <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bookmark: OLE_LINK16; msobookmark: OLE_LINK15;"> <span style="mso-bookmark: OLE_LINK16; msobookmark: OLE_LINK15;">// Brain Research // <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 12pt; layout-grid-mode: line; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;"> <span style="mso-bookmark: OLE_LINK16; msobookmark: OLE_LINK15;">__ Students At-Risk of School Failure __ <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bookmark: OLE_LINK16; msobookmark: OLE_LINK15;"> <span style="mso-bookmark: OLE_LINK16; msobookmark: OLE_LINK15;"> <span style="mso-bookmark: OLE_LINK16; msobookmark: OLE_LINK15;">// Unique Needs of Immigrant Children // <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bookmark: OLE_LINK16; msobookmark: OLE_LINK15;"> <span style="mso-bookmark: OLE_LINK16; msobookmark: OLE_LINK15;">// Northwest Regional Educational Laboratory suggests // <span style="mso-bookmark: OLE_LINK16; msobookmark: OLE_LINK15;"> · Background and reasons for immigrating <span style="mso-bookmark: OLE_LINK16; msobookmark: OLE_LINK15;"> · Immigrant or refugee status <span style="mso-bookmark: OLE_LINK16; msobookmark: OLE_LINK15;"> · Adjustment issues <span style="mso-bookmark: OLE_LINK16; msobookmark: OLE_LINK15;"> · Family and cultural supports <span style="mso-bookmark: OLE_LINK16; msobookmark: OLE_LINK15;"> · Cultural differences <span style="mso-bookmark: OLE_LINK16; msobookmark: OLE_LINK15;"> · Language issues <span style="mso-bookmark: OLE_LINK16; msobookmark: OLE_LINK15;"> · Economic status <span style="mso-bookmark: OLE_LINK16; msobookmark: OLE_LINK15;"> · Marketability of skills in U.S. economy <span style="mso-bookmark: OLE_LINK16; msobookmark: OLE_LINK15;"> · Acceptance by U.S. mainstream society <span style="mso-bookmark: OLE_LINK16; msobookmark: OLE_LINK15;"> · Generational issues <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bookmark: OLE_LINK16; msobookmark: OLE_LINK15;"> <span style="mso-bookmark: OLE_LINK16; msobookmark: OLE_LINK15;">__ Issues of Order, Caring and Power __ <span style="mso-bookmark: OLE_LINK16; msobookmark: OLE_LINK15;"> · Safe environment <span style="mso-bookmark: OLE_LINK16; msobookmark: OLE_LINK15;"> · Supportive learning environments <span style="mso-bookmark: OLE_LINK16; msobookmark: OLE_LINK15;"> · Knowing and valuing students and relationships <span style="mso-bookmark: OLE_LINK16; msobookmark: OLE_LINK15;"> · Creating a community of care <span style="mso-bookmark: OLE_LINK16; msobookmark: OLE_LINK15;"> · Power equals opportunity to teach values not control <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bookmark: OLE_LINK16; msobookmark: OLE_LINK15;"> <span style="mso-bookmark: OLE_LINK15;"> <span style="mso-bookmark: OLE_LINK16;">
 * =<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bookmark: OLE_LINK16; msobidifontfamily: 'Times New Roman'; msobookmark: OLE_LINK15; textshadow: auto;">Bendtro et al. = || <span style="mso-bookmark: OLE_LINK16; msobookmark: OLE_LINK15;"> || =<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bookmark: OLE_LINK16; msobidifontfamily: 'Times New Roman'; msobookmark: OLE_LINK15; textshadow: auto;">Coopersmith = || <span style="mso-bookmark: OLE_LINK16; msobookmark: OLE_LINK15;"> || =<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bookmark: OLE_LINK16; msobidifontfamily: 'Times New Roman'; msobookmark: OLE_LINK15; textshadow: auto;">Kohn = || <span style="mso-bookmark: OLE_LINK16; msobookmark: OLE_LINK15;"> || =<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bookmark: OLE_LINK16; msobidifontfamily: 'Times New Roman'; msobookmark: OLE_LINK15; textshadow: auto;">Glasser = || <span style="mso-bookmark: OLE_LINK16; msobookmark: OLE_LINK15;"> ||
 * =<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bookmark: OLE_LINK16; msobidifontfamily: 'Times New Roman'; msobookmark: OLE_LINK15; textshadow: auto;">Belonging = || <span style="mso-bookmark: OLE_LINK16; msobookmark: OLE_LINK15;"> || =<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bookmark: OLE_LINK16; msobidifontfamily: 'Times New Roman'; msobookmark: OLE_LINK15; textshadow: auto;">Significance = || <span style="mso-bookmark: OLE_LINK16; msobookmark: OLE_LINK15;"> || =<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bookmark: OLE_LINK16; msobidifontfamily: 'Times New Roman'; msobookmark: OLE_LINK15; textshadow: auto;">Collaboration = || <span style="mso-bookmark: OLE_LINK16; msobookmark: OLE_LINK15;"> || =<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bookmark: OLE_LINK16; msobidifontfamily: 'Times New Roman'; msobookmark: OLE_LINK15; textshadow: auto;">Love = || <span style="mso-bookmark: OLE_LINK16; msobookmark: OLE_LINK15;"> ||
 * =<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bookmark: OLE_LINK16; msobidifontfamily: 'Times New Roman'; msobookmark: OLE_LINK15; textshadow: auto;">Mastery = || <span style="mso-bookmark: OLE_LINK16; msobookmark: OLE_LINK15;"> || =<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bookmark: OLE_LINK16; msobidifontfamily: 'Times New Roman'; msobookmark: OLE_LINK15; textshadow: auto;">Competence = || <span style="mso-bookmark: OLE_LINK16; msobookmark: OLE_LINK15;"> || =<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bookmark: OLE_LINK16; msobidifontfamily: 'Times New Roman'; msobookmark: OLE_LINK15; textshadow: auto;">Content = || <span style="mso-bookmark: OLE_LINK16; msobookmark: OLE_LINK15;"> || =<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bookmark: OLE_LINK16; msobidifontfamily: 'Times New Roman'; msobookmark: OLE_LINK15; textshadow: auto;">Fun = || <span style="mso-bookmark: OLE_LINK16; msobookmark: OLE_LINK15;"> ||
 * =<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bookmark: OLE_LINK16; msobidifontfamily: 'Times New Roman'; msobookmark: OLE_LINK15; textshadow: auto;">Independence = || <span style="mso-bookmark: OLE_LINK16; msobookmark: OLE_LINK15;"> || =<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bookmark: OLE_LINK16; msobidifontfamily: 'Times New Roman'; msobookmark: OLE_LINK15; textshadow: auto;">Power = || <span style="mso-bookmark: OLE_LINK16; msobookmark: OLE_LINK15;"> || =<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bookmark: OLE_LINK16; msobidifontfamily: 'Times New Roman'; msobookmark: OLE_LINK15; textshadow: auto;">Choice = || <span style="mso-bookmark: OLE_LINK16; msobookmark: OLE_LINK15;"> || =<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bookmark: OLE_LINK16; msobidifontfamily: 'Times New Roman'; msobookmark: OLE_LINK15; textshadow: auto;">Power/Freedom = || <span style="mso-bookmark: OLE_LINK16; msobookmark: OLE_LINK15;"> ||
 * =<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bookmark: OLE_LINK16; msobidifontfamily: 'Times New Roman'; msobookmark: OLE_LINK15; textshadow: auto;">Generosity = || <span style="mso-bookmark: OLE_LINK16; msobookmark: OLE_LINK15;"> || <span style="mso-bookmark: OLE_LINK16; msobookmark: OLE_LINK15;"> =<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bookmark: OLE_LINK16; msobidifontfamily: 'Times New Roman'; msobookmark: OLE_LINK15; textshadow: auto;"> = || <span style="mso-bookmark: OLE_LINK16; msobookmark: OLE_LINK15;"> || =<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bookmark: OLE_LINK16; msobidifontfamily: 'Times New Roman'; msobookmark: OLE_LINK15; textshadow: auto;">Virtue = || <span style="mso-bookmark: OLE_LINK16; msobookmark: OLE_LINK15;"> || =<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bookmark: OLE_LINK16; msobidifontfamily: 'Times New Roman'; msobookmark: OLE_LINK15; textshadow: auto;">Survival = || <span style="mso-bookmark: OLE_LINK16; msobookmark: OLE_LINK15;"> ||
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bookmark: OLE_LINK16; msobookmark: OLE_LINK15;">trust vs. mistrust
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bookmark: OLE_LINK16; msobookmark: OLE_LINK15;">autonomy vs. self doubt
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bookmark: OLE_LINK16; msobookmark: OLE_LINK15;">initiative vs. guilt
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bookmark: OLE_LINK16; msobookmark: OLE_LINK15;">industry vs. inferiority
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bookmark: OLE_LINK16; msobookmark: OLE_LINK15;">identity vs. identity confusion
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bookmark: OLE_LINK16; msobookmark: OLE_LINK15;">Elementary teachers tend to be liberal progressives who develop close relationships with their students
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bookmark: OLE_LINK16; msobookmark: OLE_LINK15;">Secondary teachers are more authoritarian/traditionalists who form more distant relationships.
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bookmark: OLE_LINK16; msobookmark: OLE_LINK15;">Both are developmentally appropriate
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bookmark: OLE_LINK16; msobookmark: OLE_LINK15;">Elkind-Looked at patterns of social interactions
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bookmark: OLE_LINK16; msobookmark: OLE_LINK15;">Lipsitz-Examined the needs of adolescents
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bookmark: OLE_LINK16; msobookmark: OLE_LINK15;">Responsibility-freedom
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bookmark: OLE_LINK16; msobookmark: OLE_LINK15;">Achievement-support
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bookmark: OLE_LINK16; msobookmark: OLE_LINK15;">Loyalty-commitment
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bookmark: OLE_LINK16; msobookmark: OLE_LINK15;">The need for diversity
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bookmark: OLE_LINK16; msobookmark: OLE_LINK15;">The need for opportunities for self-exploration and self-definition
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bookmark: OLE_LINK16; msobookmark: OLE_LINK15;">The need for meaningful participation in school and community
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bookmark: OLE_LINK16; msobookmark: OLE_LINK15;">The need for positive social interaction with peers and adults
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bookmark: OLE_LINK16; msobookmark: OLE_LINK15;">The need for physical activity
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bookmark: OLE_LINK16; msobookmark: OLE_LINK15;">The need for competence and achievement
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bookmark: OLE_LINK16; msobookmark: OLE_LINK15;">The need for structure and clear limits
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bookmark: OLE_LINK16; msobookmark: OLE_LINK15;">Support-Young people need to experience support, care, and love from their families, neighbors, and many others. They need organizations and institutions that provide positive, supportive environments.
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bookmark: OLE_LINK16; msobookmark: OLE_LINK15;">Empowerment-Young people need to be valued by their community and have opportunities to contribute to others. For this to occur, they must be safe and feel secure.
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bookmark: OLE_LINK16; msobookmark: OLE_LINK15;">Boundaries and expectations-Young people need to know what is expected of them and whether activities and behaviors are "in bounds" and "out of bounds."
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bookmark: OLE_LINK16; msobookmark: OLE_LINK15;">Constructive use of time-Young people need constructive, enriching opportunities for growth through creative activities, youth programs, congregational involvement, and quality time at home.
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bookmark: OLE_LINK16; msobookmark: OLE_LINK15;">Commitment to learning--Young people need to develop a lifelong commitment to education and learning.
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bookmark: OLE_LINK16; msobookmark: OLE_LINK15;">Positive values-Youth need to develop strong values that guide their choices.
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bookmark: OLE_LINK16; msobookmark: OLE_LINK15;">Social competencies-Young people need skills and competencies that equip them to make positive choices, to build relationships, and to succeed in life.
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bookmark: OLE_LINK16; msobookmark: OLE_LINK15;">Positive identity-Young people need a strong sense of their own power, purpose, worth, and promise.
 * 1) <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bookmark: OLE_LINK16; msobookmark: OLE_LINK15;">School climate fails to provide cultural models and/or culturally insensitive curriculum
 * 2) <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bookmark: OLE_LINK16; msobookmark: OLE_LINK15;">Classroom environment and instructional approach are incongruent with how students’ learn.
 * 3) <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bookmark: OLE_LINK16; msobookmark: OLE_LINK15;">Limited English proficiency makes learning difficult
 * 4) <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bookmark: OLE_LINK16; msobookmark: OLE_LINK15;">Student have special needs or disabilities
 * 5) <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bookmark: OLE_LINK16; msobookmark: OLE_LINK15;">Outside of school, the students has limited support for school success
 * 6) <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bookmark: OLE_LINK16; msobookmark: OLE_LINK15;">The student has demands outside of school that limits time and energy for school related tasks
 * 7) <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bookmark: OLE_LINK16; msobookmark: OLE_LINK15;">Lacks sense of hope that school will positively impact future success
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bookmark: OLE_LINK16; msobookmark: OLE_LINK15;">Bank: students of color are more field dependent and group oriented
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bookmark: OLE_LINK16; msobookmark: OLE_LINK15;">Gay: teachers, materials and environments that work well for Anglo students do not work for ethnic minorities
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bookmark: OLE_LINK16; msobookmark: OLE_LINK15;">Immigrant children believe they cannot accept their culture of origin but also feel unaccepted and alienated from USS. culture
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bookmark: OLE_LINK16; msobookmark: OLE_LINK15;">Many times express loneliness and sadness and need to connect with someone who believes, cares and understands
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bookmark: OLE_LINK16; msobookmark: OLE_LINK15;">Igoa: importance of validating and supporting the of origin of culture